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Shri Krishna Ayush University, Kurukshetra

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10 Mins (600s)Min. 30.00 NWPMMax 15 Marks

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TheSupremeCourtofIndiaisthehighestcourtintheIndianjudicialsystem.ItoccupiesanimportantpositionintheconstitutionalstructureofthecountryandperformsseveralfunctionsrelatingtotheinterpretationandprotectionoftheConstitution.TheSupremeCourtwasestablishedundertheConstitutionofIndiaandcameintoexistenceon28January1950,shortlyaftertheConstitutioncameintoforce.ItsucceededtheFederalCourtofIndia,whichhadfunctionedduringtheperiodbeforetheConstitutionbecameeffective.

TheSupremeCourtislocatedinNewDelhi.TheConstitutionprovidesforaSupremeCourtconsistingoftheChiefJusticeofIndiaandsuchnumberofotherjudgesasParliamentmaydeterminebylaw.Thecourthasjurisdictionoverawiderangeofmatters.ItsfunctionsincludehearingcertaindisputesbetweentheUnionandtheStates,decidingappealsfromlowercourtsandtribunalsinappropriatecases,interpretingconstitutionalprovisions,andprotectingcertainfundamentalrights.

OneoftheimportantjurisdictionsoftheSupremeCourtisitsoriginaljurisdiction.UnderArticle131oftheConstitution,thecourtcanhearcertaindisputesbetweentheGovernmentofIndiaandoneormoreStates,orbetweentwoormoreStates,whenthedisputeinvolvesalegalright.Thisjurisdictionissignificantbecauseitprovidesaconstitutionalmechanismforresolvingcertainfederaldisputesthroughthejudicialprocess.

TheSupremeCourtalsohasappellatejurisdiction.ItcanhearappealsagainstjudgmentsandordersofHighCourtsandcertaintribunalsinaccordancewithconstitutionalandstatutoryprovisions.Appealsmayinvolveconstitutional,civil,orcriminalmatters.Inappropriatecases,theSupremeCourtmaygrantspecialleavetoappealunderArticle136oftheConstitution.Thispowerisknownasspecialleavejurisdictionandallowsthecourt,subjecttoconstitutionalrequirements,toconsidercasesfromcourtsandtribunalsacrossthecountry.

FundamentalrightsareanimportantpartoftheconstitutionalroleoftheSupremeCourt.Article32givesindividualstherighttoapproachtheSupremeCourtfortheenforcementoffundamentalrights.Thecourthasthepowertoissuewritsforappropriatepurposes,includinghabeascorpus,mandamus,prohibition,certiorari,andquowarranto.Thesewritsprovideconstitutionalremediesinsituationscoveredbytherelevantlegalrequirements.

TheSupremeCourtalsointerpretstheConstitution.Constitutionalinterpretationbecomesnecessarywhenthereisdisagreementaboutthemeaningorapplicationofconstitutionalprovisions.ThecourtexaminesthetextoftheConstitution,relevantlaws,earlierjudgments,andlegalprincipleswhiledecidingsuchmatters.Itsjudgmentscanthereforehaveasignificanteffectonthefunctioningofgovernmentinstitutionsandtheinterpretationofrightsandresponsibilities.

JudicialreviewisanotherimportantconceptassociatedwiththeSupremeCourt.CourtsmayexaminewhetherlawsorexecutiveactionsareconsistentwiththeConstitution.Ifaprovisionisfoundtoviolateconstitutionalrequirements,thecourtmayprovideanappropriateremedyaccordingtolaw.Judicialreviewisconnectedwiththeprinciplethatconstitutionallimitationsapplytopublicauthorities.

TheSupremeCourthasalsodevelopedimportantprinciplesthroughitsjudgments.Onewell-knownconstitutionalprincipleisthebasicstructuredoctrine.InKesavanandaBharativ.StateofKerala,decidedin1973,aConstitutionBenchheldthatParliament'spowertoamendtheConstitutionissubjecttolimitationsandthatthebasicstructureoftheConstitutioncannotbedestroyedthroughtheamendmentpower.Thedoctrinehassubsequentlyplayedanimportantroleinconstitutionallaw.

TheSupremeCourtalsodealswithpublicinterestlitigation,commonlyknownasPIL,inappropriatecircumstances.Publicinterestlitigationdevelopedasamethodthroughwhichmattersaffectingbroaderpublicinterestscouldbebroughtbeforecourtsundersuitableconditions.Ithasbeenusedincasesconcerningenvironmentalprotection,publicadministration,humanrights,andotherissues.TheuseofPILissubjecttojudicialprinciplesandproceduralrequirements.

Thecourtmayalsoissuedirectionsandordersincaseswherelegalorconstitutionalremediesrequirespecificaction.ItsjudgmentsarebindingonallcourtsinIndiaunderArticle141oftheConstitution.Thishelpsmaintainconsistencyintheinterpretationoflaw.TheSupremeCourtalsohaspowersrelatingtoreviewandcorrectionofitsjudgmentswithinthelimitsprovidedbylawandconstitutionalprocedure.

Theindependenceofthejudiciaryisanimportantfeatureoftheconstitutionalsystem.JudgesoftheSupremeCourthavesecurityoftenuresubjecttotheconstitutionalprocessforremoval.ASupremeCourtjudgecanberemovedonlythroughtheprocedureestablishedbytheConstitutionandlaw,involvingParliamentandrequiringtheconstitutionallyprescribedprocess.Thepurposeofsuchsafeguardsistosupportjudicialindependence.

TheSupremeCourtalsohasadministrativeandproceduralresponsibilities.Casesarelistedforhearing,recordsaremaintained,judgmentsarepreparedandpublished,andcourtproceedingsareconductedaccordingtoestablishedrules.Thecourthasadoptedtechnologicalsystemstoimproveaccesstocaseinformationandjudicialservices.Digitalrecords,onlinecasestatusfacilities,andelectronicfilinghavebecomeincreasinglyimportantinmodernjudicialadministration.

TheSupremeCourtdoesnotfunctioninisolation.India'sjudicialsystemincludesdistrictcourts,HighCourts,tribunals,andotherlegallyestablishedforums.TheSupremeCourtstandsattheapexofthisstructure,whileHighCourtsexercisejurisdictionwithintheStatesandUnionTerritoriesaccordingtotheconstitutionalandstatutoryframework.Thelowercourtsdealwiththelargemajorityofcases,whiletheSupremeCourtconsidersmatterswithinitsjurisdiction.

Inconclusion,theSupremeCourtofIndiaisacentralinstitutionoftheconstitutionalandjudicialsystem.Itperformsoriginal,appellate,advisory,constitutional,andotherfunctionsassignedbytheConstitutionandlaws.Throughjudicialreview,interpretationofconstitutionalprovisions,enforcementoffundamentalrights,andresolutionoflegaldisputes,thecourtcontributestothefunctioningoftheruleoflaw.Itsdecisionsareanimportantsourceoflegalinterpretation,whileitsinstitutionalindependencesupportstheconstitutionalbalanceamongdifferentorgansofgovernment.

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